[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2950},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kscript:core-concepts/user-functions":3},{"slug":4,"filePath":5,"frontmatter":6,"rawMarkdown":9,"tree":10},"core-concepts/user-functions","core-concepts/user-functions.md",{"title":7,"description":8},"User-Defined Functions","Learn how to create custom, reusable functions in kScript v2 using the func keyword for modular and maintainable code.","---\ntitle: User-Defined Functions\ndescription: >-\n  Learn how to create custom, reusable functions in kScript v2 using the func\n  keyword for modular and maintainable code.\n---\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"flex gap-3 mb-6\">\n  \u003Cspan class=\"inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-1 rounded-full bg-purple-50 text-purple-600 text-sm font-medium\">\n    Advanced\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cspan class=\"inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-1 rounded-full bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 text-sm font-medium\">\n    10 min read\n  \u003C/span>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## Overview\n\nkScript v2 introduces user-defined functions, allowing you to encapsulate logic into reusable modules. Functions can accept both `var` and `timeseries` arguments, support both positional and named parameter calling (kwargs), and must follow specific scoping rules.\n\n| Feature                | Description                             |\n| ---------------------- | --------------------------------------- |\n| `func`                 | Keyword used to define functions        |\n| Infinite Possibilities | Create any custom logic you need        |\n| Global Scope Required  | Functions must be declared at top level |\n\n## Function Declaration\n\n### Basic Syntax\n\n```javascript title=\"Function Declaration Syntax\" lines wrap\nfunc functionName(parameter1, parameter2) {\n  // Function body\n  return result\n}\n```\n\n### Kwargs Support\n\nUser-defined functions support both positional and named parameter calling conventions:\n\n```javascript title=\"Function Call Formats\" lines wrap\n// Function definition\nfunc calculate(base, multiplier, offset) {\n  return base * multiplier + offset\n}\n\n// Positional calling\nvar result1 = calculate(10, 2, 5)  // Returns 25\n\n// Named parameter calling (kwargs)\nvar result2 = calculate(base=10, multiplier=2, offset=5)  // Returns 25\nvar result3 = calculate(offset=5, base=10, multiplier=2)  // Returns 25\n```\n\n### Syntax Details\n\n**Function Name:**\nMust follow standard identifier rules (letters, numbers, underscore). Cannot start with a number.\n\n**Parameters:**\nCan accept `var` and `timeseries` arguments. Parameter types are inferred from usage. Support both positional and named parameter calling (kwargs).\n\n**Return Statement:**\nFunctions must explicitly return a value. The return type is inferred from the returned expression.\n\n## Function Examples\n\n### Simple Calculation\n\nBasic mathematical operations with error handling:\n\n```javascript title=\"Safe Division Function\" lines wrap\nfunc safeDiv(a, b) {\n  return b == 0 ? 0 : a / b\n}\n\n// Usage\nvar result = safeDiv(a=10, b=2)  // Returns 5\nvar safe = safeDiv(a=10, b=0)    // Returns 0\n```\n\n### Average of Two Values\n\n```javascript lines wrap\nfunc calculateAverage(a, b) {\n  return (a + b) / 2\n}\n\n// Usage\nvar avg = calculateAverage(close[0], close[1])\n```\n\n### Custom Indicator Logic\n\n```javascript lines wrap\nfunc isGreenCandle(openPrice, closePrice) {\n  return closePrice > openPrice\n}\n\nfunc isBullishEngulfing(prevOpen, prevClose, currOpen, currClose) {\n  var prevWasRed = prevClose \u003C prevOpen\n  var currIsGreen = currClose > currOpen\n  var engulfs = currOpen \u003C prevClose && currClose > prevOpen\n  return prevWasRed && currIsGreen && engulfs\n}\n\n// Usage\ntimeseries ohlcv = ohlcv(symbol=currentSymbol, exchange=currentExchange)\nvar bullish = isBullishEngulfing(\n  prevOpen=ohlcv.open[1],\n  prevClose=ohlcv.close[1],\n  currOpen=ohlcv.open[0],\n  currClose=ohlcv.close[0]\n)\n```\n\n## Constraints and Rules\n\n### No Timeseries Declarations Inside Functions\n\nFunctions cannot declare new `timeseries` inside their body. All timeseries must be declared in global scope.\n\n```javascript lines wrap\n// Invalid\nfunc bad() {\n  timeseries ts = ohlcv(...)  // Error!\n}\n\n// Valid - pass timeseries as parameter\nfunc good(ts) {\n  return ts.close[0]\n}\n```\n\n### Global Scope Only\n\nFunctions must be declared in global scope, not inside loops, conditionals, or other functions.\n\n```javascript lines wrap\n// Invalid\nif (condition) {\n  func bad() {...}  // Error!\n}\n\n// Valid\nfunc good() {...}\n\nif (condition) {\n  var result = good()  // OK to call\n}\n```\n\n### Parameter Types\n\nFunctions can accept `var` and `timeseries` arguments. Types are inferred from how parameters are used.\n\n```javascript lines wrap\n// Valid - accepts both var and timeseries\nfunc processData(varParam, tsParam) {\n  var current = tsParam[0]  // Treats tsParam as timeseries\n  return varParam + current\n}\n```\n\n### Return Requirement\n\nAll functions must have an explicit return statement. The return type is inferred from the expression.\n\n```javascript lines wrap\n// Valid\nfunc add(a, b) {\n  return a + b  // Required\n}\n\n// Invalid - no return\nfunc noReturn(a, b) {\n  var sum = a + b  // Missing return!\n}\n```\n\n## Best Practices\n\n\u003Ctable data-view=\"cards\" data-layout=\"stack\">\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Keep Functions Focused\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cp>Each function should do one thing well:\u003C/p>\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode class=\"language-javascript\">// Good - single responsibility\nfunc calculateRSIColor(rsiValue) {\n  return rsiValue > 70 ? 0 : (rsiValue < 30 ? 1 : 2)\n}\n\n// Avoid - doing too much\nfunc calculateAndPlotRSI(...) {\n// Don't mix calculation with plotting\n}\u003C/code>\u003C/pre>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Use Descriptive Names\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cp>Function names should clearly indicate what they do:\u003C/p>\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode class=\"language-javascript\">// Good\nfunc isOverbought(rsiValue) { return rsiValue > 70 }\nfunc calculatePercentChange(oldValue, newValue) {...}\n\n// Avoid\nfunc calc(a, b) {...}\nfunc check(x) {...}\u003C/code>\u003C/pre>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Document with kwargs\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cp>Using named parameters makes function calls self-documenting:\u003C/p>\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode class=\"language-javascript\">// Self-documenting call\nvar signal = isBullishEngulfing(\n  prevOpen=ohlcv.open[1],\n  prevClose=ohlcv.close[1],\n  currOpen=ohlcv.open[0],\n  currClose=ohlcv.close[0]\n)\u003C/code>\u003C/pre>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n",{"type":11,"children":12,"data":2943,"position":2945},"root",[13,100,101,118,119,175,177,360,361,377,378,395,396,464,465,482,483,498,499,799,800,816,817,848,849,913,914,944,945,961,962,979,980,994,995,1206,1207,1223,1224,1346,1347,1364,1365,1783,1784,1800,1801,1818,1819,1852,1853,1990,1991,2007,2008,2023,2024,2183,2184,2200,2201,2250,2251,2351,2352,2368,2369,2384,2385,2523,2524,2540,2541,2544,2545,2548,2549],{"type":14,"tagName":15,"properties":16,"children":21,"position":95},"element","div",{"className":17},[18,19,20],"flex","gap-3","mb-6",[22,34,63,69,88],{"type":23,"value":24,"position":25},"text","\n  ",{"start":26,"end":30},{"line":27,"column":28,"offset":29},1,30,29,{"line":31,"column":32,"offset":33},2,3,32,{"type":14,"tagName":35,"properties":36,"children":48,"position":58},"span",{"className":37},[38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47],"inline-flex","items-center","gap-1.5","px-3","py-1","rounded-full","bg-purple-50","text-purple-600","text-sm","font-medium",[49],{"type":23,"value":50,"position":51},"\n    Advanced\n  ",{"start":52,"end":55},{"line":31,"column":53,"offset":54},122,151,{"line":56,"column":32,"offset":57},4,167,{"start":59,"end":60},{"line":31,"column":32,"offset":33},{"line":56,"column":61,"offset":62},10,174,{"type":23,"value":24,"position":64},{"start":65,"end":66},{"line":56,"column":61,"offset":62},{"line":67,"column":32,"offset":68},5,177,{"type":14,"tagName":35,"properties":70,"children":74,"position":84},{"className":71},[38,39,40,41,42,43,72,73,46,47],"bg-gray-100","text-gray-600",[75],{"type":23,"value":76,"position":77},"\n    10 min read\n  ",{"start":78,"end":81},{"line":67,"column":79,"offset":80},119,293,{"line":82,"column":32,"offset":83},7,312,{"start":85,"end":86},{"line":67,"column":32,"offset":68},{"line":82,"column":61,"offset":87},319,{"type":23,"value":89,"position":90},"\n",{"start":91,"end":92},{"line":82,"column":61,"offset":87},{"line":93,"column":27,"offset":94},8,320,{"start":96,"end":98},{"line":27,"column":27,"offset":97},0,{"line":93,"column":82,"offset":99},326,{"type":23,"value":89},{"type":14,"tagName":102,"properties":103,"children":105,"position":114},"h2",{"id":104},"overview",[106],{"type":23,"value":107,"position":108},"Overview",{"start":109,"end":111},{"line":61,"column":56,"offset":110},331,{"line":61,"column":112,"offset":113},12,339,{"start":115,"end":117},{"line":61,"column":27,"offset":116},328,{"line":61,"column":112,"offset":113},{"type":23,"value":89},{"type":14,"tagName":120,"properties":121,"children":122,"position":172},"p",{},[123,131,145,152,165],{"type":23,"value":124,"position":125},"kScript v2 introduces user-defined functions, allowing you to encapsulate logic into reusable modules. 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