[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":4066},["ShallowReactive",2],{"kscript:core-concepts/core-variables":3},{"slug":4,"filePath":5,"frontmatter":6,"rawMarkdown":9,"tree":10},"core-concepts/core-variables","core-concepts/core-variables.md",{"title":7,"description":8},"Core Variables","Essential variables available globally in kScript for accessing current market context, symbols, and exchanges.","---\ntitle: Core Variables\ndescription: Essential variables available globally in kScript for accessing current market context, symbols, and exchanges.\n---\n\n## Variable Types & Behavior\n\nUnderstanding kScript's three variable types: how to declare them, their characteristics, and how they behave during script execution.\n\n### `var` — Ephemeral, per-bar\n\n- **Type inference:** `var` types are inferred from the assigned value.\n- **Scope:** `var` can be declared in any scope (global, inside `if`/`for`/`while`, or inside `func`).\n- **Mutability:** `var` values are mutable within the current bar.\n- **No history:** `var` cannot persist across bars. You cannot access `var[1]` or previous-bar values.\n\n**Declaration Example**\n\n```javascript title=\"var declaration\" lines wrap\nvar threshold = 70;\nvar labelText = 'Buy Signal';\n```\n\n**Behavior Example**\n\n```javascript title=\"var behavior\" lines wrap\n// var variables update automatically each bar\nvar currentBar = barIndex;\nvar price = close[0]; // Current bar close\nvar volume = vol[0]; // Current bar volume\n\n// These values are recalculated on every bar\nvar isHighVolume = volume > volume[1] * 1.5;\nvar priceChange = price - price[1];\n```\n\n### `timeseries` — Immutable, historical\n\n- **Immutable:** `timeseries` values are immutable snapshots of historical data.\n- **Historical access:** `ts[0]` is the current bar; `ts[1]` is the previous bar; `ts[n]` is `n` bars ago.\n- **Global only:** `timeseries` may be declared only in global scope (not inside `if`/`for`/`while` or within `func` bodies).\n- **Multi-field sources:** Some timeseries expose multiple fields per bar, e.g. OHLCV: `.open`, `.high`, `.low`, `.close`, `.volume`.\n- **Source functions return timeseries:** All source functions (e.g. `ohlcv()`, `open_interest()`, etc.) return a `timeseries`.\n\n{% hint style=\"warning\" %}\n**Performance warning:** Creating a `timeseries` is a very expensive operation. Declare a variable as `timeseries` only when it's absolutely necessary.\n{% endhint %}\n\n**Declaration & Usage Example**\n\n```javascript title=\"timeseries behavior\" lines wrap\n// timeseries maintain historical context\ntimeseries prices = ohlcv(symbol=\"BTCUSDT\", exchange=\"BINANCE\")\n\n// Access historical values\nvar currentClose = prices.close[0] // Current bar\nvar previousClose = prices.close[1] // Previous bar\nvar weekAgoClose = prices.close[7] // 7 bars ago\n\n// Historical data is immutable\nvar priceMovement = currentClose > previousClose\n```\n\n### `static` — Persistent, manual control\n\n- **Persistent state:** `static` variables maintain their values between bar executions.\n- **Manual updates:** Values don't auto-update; they must be explicitly modified by your code.\n- **Global scope:** `static` variables are declared in global scope and accessible throughout the script.\n- **Manual operations:** Support increment (`++`), decrement (`--`), and assignment operations.\n- **State management:** Ideal for counters, flags, and maintaining algorithm state across bars.\n- **Cumulative calculations:** Useful for calculating cumulative values for indicators like CVD (Cumulative Volume Delta).\n\n**Declaration & Usage Example**\n\n```javascript title=\"static behavior\" lines wrap\n// static variables maintain state with manual control\nstatic signalCount = 0\nstatic lastTradePrice = 0.0\nstatic cumulativeVolume = 0.0\n\n// Manual update operations\nif (buySignal) {\n signalCount++ // Increment counter\n lastTradePrice = currentPrice // Manual assignment\n}\n\n// Cumulative calculations (e.g., CVD)\ncumulativeVolume += currentVolume * (close > open ? 1 : -1)\n\n// Reset operation\nif (resetCondition) {\n signalCount = 0 // Manual reset\n cumulativeVolume = 0.0 // Reset cumulative value\n}\n```\n\n## Global Context Variables\n\nThese variables are automatically available in every kScript and provide access to the current trading context.\n\n| Variable | Type | Description |\n| ----------------- | ------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `currentSymbol` | string | The current trading symbol (e.g. `\"BTCUSDT\"`) |\n| `currentExchange` | string | The current exchange being used for trading (e.g. `\"BINANCE\"`, `\"COINBASE\"`) |\n| `currentCoin` | string | The current trading coin (e.g. `\"BTC\"`) |\n| `barIndex` | number | Current bar index in the timeseries during the per-bar loop. Starts at 0. Useful for indicator warm-up periods and conditional logic based on bar position. |\n| `isLastBar` | boolean | `true` when processing the last bar (the most recent). Useful for one-time calculations, alerts, or actions that should only fire on the latest data point. |\n| `isLiveUpdate` | boolean | `true` during live data updates with new market data. Distinguishes between initial script run and live trading updates. The script can run multiple times on the same last bar during live updates. |\n| `color` | color | The color to use for plotting (e.g. `\"red\"`, `\"blue\"`). |\n\n```javascript title=\"Context variable examples\" lines wrap\n// currentSymbol / currentExchange / currentCoin\ncurrentSymbol // Returns \"BTCUSDT\"\ncurrentExchange // Returns \"BINANCE\"\ncurrentCoin // Returns \"BTC\"\n\n// Warm-up guard: only plot the SMA after 20 bars have arrived\nif (barIndex > 20) {\n timeseries sma_val = sma(close, 20);\n plotLine(value=sma_val, label=[\"SMA 20\"], desc=[\"20-period Simple Moving Average\"]);\n}\n\n// Fire a one-time alert on the most recent bar\nif (isLastBar && crossover(fast_ma, slow_ma)) {\n print(\"Buy signal on latest bar!\");\n}\n\n// React to live updates\nif (isLiveUpdate && price > threshold) {\n print(\"LIVE ALERT\", \"#ff0000\", price);\n}\n\n// color slot for plotting\nplotLine(ema20, [\"blue\"], 2);\n```\n\n## Array Variables\n\nkScript exposes a named color palette as global variables (`red`, `blue`, `green`, etc.) that can be used directly in plotting functions. See [Color Constants](/kscript/core-concepts/color-constants) for the complete palette.\n\n## Indexing a timeseries\n\nA timeseries is a sequence of bars, with index `0` being the most recent. Field access then index gives you a value at a specific lag:\n\n```javascript title=\"timeseries indexing\" lines wrap\nvar current = ohlcvData.close[0]; // current close\nvar prev = ohlcvData.close[1]; // previous close\nvar twoAgo = ohlcvData.close[2]; // close two bars ago\n\n// Detect direction\nif (ohlcvData.close[0] > ohlcvData.close[1]) {\n print('Up bar');\n}\n```\n\n## Common Usage Patterns\n\nReal-world examples of how to use core variables in your trading strategies.\n\n### Dynamic Data Source\n\nCreate flexible indicators that automatically use the current market context.\n\n```javascript title=\"Dynamic Data Source\" lines wrap\n//@version=2\ndefine(title=\"Smart Indicator\", position=\"offchart\", axis=true);\n\n// Automatically adapts to current context\ntimeseries data = ohlcv(symbol=currentSymbol, exchange=currentExchange);\nvar emaData = ema(source=data.close, period=21);\n\nplotLine(value=emaData, width=2, colors=[\"#FF6B35\"], label=[\"EMA\"], desc=[\"Exponential Moving Average\"]);\n```\n\n## Best Practices\n\n\u003Ctable data-view=\"cards\" data-layout=\"stack\">\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Always Use Current Context\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cp>Use `currentSymbol` and `currentExchange` instead of hardcoding values for maximum flexibility.\u003C/p>\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode class=\"language-javascript\">ohlcv(currentSymbol, currentExchange)\u003C/code>\u003C/pre>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Cache Expensive Operations\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cp>Store references to commonly used data sources to improve performance.\u003C/p>\u003Cpre>\u003Ccode class=\"language-javascript\">timeseries ohlcvData = ohlcv(currentSymbol, currentExchange);\u003C/code>\u003C/pre>\u003Cp>See \u003Ca href=\"/kscript/core-concepts/type-system\">Type System\u003C/a> for the full discussion of how `var` / `static` / `timeseries` interact with kScript's hybrid type 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